chore: Enforce that stored versions match their keys

[Bownairo]

Following the invariant added in #10942, add an invariant for HostOS versions, too.

[github-actions]

This pull request changes code owned by the Governance team. Therefore, make sure that
you have considered the following (for Governance-owned code):

1. Update unreleased_changelog.md (if there are behavior changes, even if they are
   non-breaking).

2. Are there BREAKING changes?

3. Is a data migration needed?

4. Security review?

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   section, declare one of the following:

• Done.

• $REASON_WHY_NO_NEED. E.g. for unreleased_changelog.md, "No
  canister behavior changes.", or for item 2, "Existing APIs
  behave as before.".

Brief Guide to "Externally Visible" Changes

"Externally visible behavior change" is very often due to some NEW canister API.

Changes to EXISTING APIs are more likely to be "breaking".

If these changes are breaking, make sure that clients know how to migrate, how to
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If your changes are behind a feature flag, then, do NOT add entrie(s) to
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Reference(s)

For a more comprehensive checklist, see here.

GOVERNANCE_CHECKLIST_REMINDER_DEDUP

[zeropath-ai]

✅ No security or compliance issues detected. Reviewed everything up to 725e512.

Security Overview

• 🔎 Scanned files: 2 changed file(s)
• 🔗 Scan Link: https://zeropath.com/app/repositories/f975f1a5-0a47-4a3b-b7f0-a55609e90390?scanId=ae826629-a2d0-45ec-945d-259299e5ef73&codeScanTypes=PrScan&tab=issues

Detected Code Changes

Change Type	Relevant files
Bug Fix	► rs/registry/canister/src/invariants/hostos_version.rs       Fix function signatures and assertion to ensure version key consistency ► rs/registry/canister/unreleased_changelog.md       Add changelog entry for enforcing hostos_version_id consistency

[daniel-wong-dfinity-org-twin]

Test? Let's see this trip wire explode 💥